<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC '-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN'  'http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd'><article><articleinfo><title>FAQ/avcor</title><revhistory><revision><revnumber>15</revnumber><date>2017-03-13 16:19:06</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>14</revnumber><date>2013-03-08 10:17:09</date><authorinitials>localhost</authorinitials><revremark>converted to 1.6 markup</revremark></revision><revision><revnumber>13</revnumber><date>2011-06-21 12:48:09</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>12</revnumber><date>2011-06-01 09:32:25</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>11</revnumber><date>2009-04-01 13:54:08</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>10</revnumber><date>2009-03-20 11:16:43</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>9</revnumber><date>2009-03-20 11:16:25</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>8</revnumber><date>2009-03-20 11:07:30</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>7</revnumber><date>2009-03-20 11:07:10</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>6</revnumber><date>2009-03-19 15:11:51</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>5</revnumber><date>2009-03-19 15:11:11</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>4</revnumber><date>2009-03-19 15:06:29</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>3</revnumber><date>2007-01-25 15:55:49</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>2</revnumber><date>2007-01-24 16:36:53</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>1</revnumber><date>2007-01-24 16:34:10</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision></revhistory></articleinfo><section><title>Obtaining an averaged correlation</title><para>This <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-02.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/avcor/statswiki/FAQ/avcor?action=AttachFile&amp;do=get&amp;target=avcor.xls">spreadsheet</ulink> evaluates the average correlation for a set of upto 100 inputted correlations. </para><para>The program Fisher z-transforms the raw correlations, works out the average of the transformed correlation and then backtransforms it. Fisher z transformed correlations are used in areas such as meta-analysis for computing overall estimates of correlations such as those obtained by pooling over studies (Field AP and Gillett R, 2010). Fisher z-transformed correlations are also usually used when comparing average correlations between groups. </para><para>Bonett DG (2008) further recommends and illustrates a simple way of computing a variance for the average of correlations obtained from different studies which he then uses to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the average correlation. This method uses the mean of the raw correlations as a point estimate.  Bonett performs a series of simulation studies which show his derived 95% confidence intervals have better coverage than the more traditional approaches such as Hedges-Olkin (1985). In one example (which is the one in the spreadsheet mentioned below), he finds the supposed 95% confidence interval using Hedges-Olkin is only a 57% one! </para><para>This <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-02.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/avcor/statswiki/FAQ/avcor?action=AttachFile&amp;do=get&amp;target=avcor_cis.xls">spreadsheet</ulink> evaluates Bonett's (2008) recommended confidence interval for the average correlation and one of the older methods which uses the mean of the Fisher z-transformed correlations, the Hedges-Olkin (1985). </para><para>If one is using time series data it may be worth considering removing autocorrelations by differencing successive observations prior to computing a correlation in order to remove this. </para><para><emphasis role="underline">Reference</emphasis> </para><para>Bonett, DG (2008) Meta-analytic interval estimation for bivariate correlations. <emphasis>Psychological Methods</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">13(3)</emphasis> 173-181. (This paper is downloadable by CBSU users for free using <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-02.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/avcor/statswiki/ScienceDirect#">ScienceDirect</ulink>). </para><para>Field, AP and Gillett, R (2010) How to do a meta-analysis. <emphasis>British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">63</emphasis> 665-694. </para><para>Hedges, LV, &amp; Olkin, I (1985) Statistical methods in metaanalysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. </para></section></article>